Singular | Plural |
---|---|
yo (I) | nosotros (we - masculine & feminine) nosotras (we - feminine only) |
tú (you - familiar) | vosotros (you - familiar; masculine & feminine) vosotras (you - familiar; feminine only) |
él (he) ella (she) usted (you - formal) |
ellos (they - masculine & feminine) ellas (they - feminine only) ustedes (you - formal) |
The pronouns usted and ustedes are often abbreviated in texts. Ud. or Vd. is used for usted; Uds. or Vds. is used for ustedes.
The familiar plural vosotros form is used primarily in Peninsular Spanish (i. e. Spain), while throughout Latin America ustedes is used in both formal and familiar situations.
PERSONA | -ar | -er | -ir |
---|---|---|---|
YO | O | O | O |
TÚ | AS | ES | ES |
ÉL/ELLA/USTED | A | E | E |
NOSOTROS (AS) | AMOS | EMOS | IMOS |
ELLOS/ELLAS/USTEDES | AN | EN | EN |
Pronombre | Significado |
---|---|
¿Qué? | What? |
¿Quién? o ¿Quiénes? | Who? (Singular or Plurar) |
¿Cuál? o ¿Cuáles? | Which? (Singular or Plurar) |
¿Dónde? | Where? |
¿Cómo? | How? |
¿Cuánto? o ¿Cuántos? | How much? or How many? |
¿Por qué? | Why? |
In Spanish, ¿Qué? often precedes a noun and ¿Cuál? often precedes a verb or a prepositional phrase.
Also note that all the Spanish interrogative pronouns, with the exception of ¿Qué? have a singular and a plural form. The verb must agree in number with this form.
The interrogative pronouns may be accompanied by a preposition like "a" or "de" (other prepositions too), and these help to change the meaning of the question or make them more specific.
Singular | Plural |
---|---|
mí (me) | nosotros (us - masculine & feminine) nosotras (us - feminine only) |
tí (you - familiar) | vosotros (you - familiar; masculine & feminine) vosotras (you - familiar; feminine only) |
él (he) ella (she) usted (you - formal) ello (it, masculine, neuter) |
ellos (they - masculine & feminine) ellas (they - feminine only) ustedes (you - formal) |
El accidente sucedió hace un año. Él escribió un cuento acerca de ello.
The accident happened a year ago. He wrote a story about it.
Compramos una cama nueva y tenemos las almohadas perfectas para ella.
We bought a new bed, and we have the perfect pillows for it.
Singular | Plural |
---|---|
mío(s) (mine) mía(s) (mine) |
nuestro(s) (ours) nuestra(s) (ours) |
tuyo(s) (yours) tuya(s) (yours) |
vuestro(s) (yours) vuestra(s) (yous) |
suyo(s) (his; hers; yours; its) suya(s) (his; hers; yours; its) |
suyo(s) (theirs; yours) suya(s) (theirs; yous) |
Singular | Plural |
---|---|
mi(s) (my) | nuestro/a(s) (our) |
tu(s) (your) | vuestro(s) (your) |
su(s) (his; her; your; its) | su(s) (their; your) |
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
---|---|---|---|
this these |
éste éstos |
ésta éstas |
esto |
that those |
ése ésos |
ésa ésas |
eso |
hat over there those over there |
aquel aquellos |
aquella aquellas |
aquello |
Este coche es mío, pero ése es suyo.
This car is mine, but that one is his.
La mejor marca es ésta.
The best brand is this one.
Estas ventanas están limpias, pero ésas todavía faltan por limpiar.
These windows are clean, but those still need to be cleaned.
Aquellas mesas son de roble, ésas son de pino y éstas son de caoba.
Those tables over there are oak, those are pine, and these are mahogany.
Cardinal Numbers | Ordinal Numbers |
---|---|
uno/a | primero/a |
dos | segundo/a |
tres | tercero/a |
cuatro | cuarto/a |
cinco | quinto/a |
seis | sexto/a |
siete | séptimo/a |
ocho | octavo/a |
nueve | noveno/a |
diez | décimo/a |
Quiero el décimo.
I want the tenth one.
Quiero el once.
I want the eleventh one.
Vivo en el onceavo piso (piso once).
I live on the eleventh floor.
¿Cuántos libros lees al año? Leo uno.
How many books do you read each year? I read one.
¿Estas galletas son para la fiesta? Pues, sólo comí una.
These cookies are for the party? Well, I only ate one.
I see Martin, Lisa, Carol and Tina.
I see them.
Él lee el libro grande y yo leo el pequeño.
He reads the big book, and I read the small one.
A mí me gusta la mesa azul pero a tí te gusta la roja.
I like the blue table, but you like the red one.
Tú llevas zapatos negros y yo llevo los blancos.
You wear black shoes and I wear the white ones.
Nosotros pintamos las casas enormes y ellos pintan las pequeña.
We paint the enormous houses and they paint the small ones.
Yo tengo tres cajas y el tiene cuatro.
I have thress boxes and he has four (boxes).
Hay dos mesas allí, pero sólo una * aquí.
There are two tables here, but only one (table) here.
algunos/as | some (of them); any (of them) |
ambos/as | both (of them) |
cada uno/a | each one |
demasiado/a | too much |
demasiados/as | too many |
los demás; las demás | the rest (of them) |
los dos; las dos | both; the two (of them) |
más | more (of it, of them) |
la mayoría | the majority (of people) |
menos | less; fewer |
mucho/a | a lot (of something) |
muchos/as | a lot (of things); many things |
nada | nothing |
ninguno/a | none; neither one; not anything; not a single one |
otro/a | another; the other (one) |
poco/a | (a) little |
primero/a | first |
todo/a | everything; all |
último/a | last |
unos/as | some |
unos/as cuantos/as | a few (of Them) |
varios/as | several |
alguien | someone; somebody |
cualquiera | anyone; anybody; any one (person) |
cualesquiera | any (plural) |
el/la que | the one who; he/she who |
los/las que | they who; those who; the ones who |
el/la mayor | the oldest (one) |
el/la menor | the youngest (one) |
nadie | no one (person) |
ninguno/a | neither one |
todos/as | everyone; everybody |
algo | something; anything |
cualquiera | anything; whichever; whatever |
cualesquiera | any (plural) |
lo mejor | the best (thing) |
lo mismo | the same (thing) |
lo peor | the worst (thing) |
nada | nothing; not anything |
que | that, who, which |
el cual, la cual | the one who; the one which |
los cuales, las cuales | those who; those which |
el que, la que | the one who; the one which |
los que, las que | those who; those which |
lo que | that which; what; whatever |
preposición + quien(es) | preposition + whom |
preposición + que | preposition + that/which |
cuyo, cuya, cuyos, cuyas | whose |
Restrictive Clause: A restrictive clause contains information that is essential to the meaning of the sentence. In other words, it restricts the meaning of the word(s) to which it refers. If this clause were removed, the sentence either would change meaning or become meaningless or ridiculous.
A lamp that doesn't have a bulb is useless.
In this sentence, the dependent clause "that doesn't have a bulb" is restrictive because it is necessary to the overall meaning of the sentence. If we remove this clause, we are left with the independent clause "A lamp is useless", which still is grammatically correct sentence, but the essential meaning has changed dramatically, and what remains is absurd.
Nonrestrictive clause: A nonrestrictive clause contains information that is usually helpful to the overall meaning of the sentence; however, it is not essential. If a nonrestrictive clause were removed, the sentence would stand on its own.
Cats, which sometimes live fifteen years or longer, make nice pets.
The dependent clause, "which sometimes live fifteen years or longer," although informative, does not change the basic meaning of the independent clause (sentence), "Cats make nice pets". The dependent clause is not essential for us to understand the sentence; thus, it could be left out. Because the information contained in a nonrestrictive clause is not necessary to the overall meaning of the sentence, the nonrestrictive clause usually is set off from the main sentence by commas.
el caballo que gana la carrera.
the horse that wins the race.
el lago, que está contaminado,
the lake, which is polluted
los estudiantes que leen el capítulo
the students who read the chapter
Tengo las toallas que necesitas.
I have the towels you need.
Compramos la comida que pides.
We buy de food you request.
Él es el hombre que escribe esto.
He is the man who writes this.
Ellos venden casas que cuestan mucho.
They sell houses that cost a lot.
Este sofá, el cual (el que) está disponible en veinte colores, es muy popular este año.
This sofa, which is available in twenty colors, is very popular this year.
Tu sobrina, la cual (la que) recibe buenas notas, quiere ser maestra.
Your niece, the one who gets good grades, wants to be a teacher.
Estos huevos, los cuales (los que) tienen casi un año, están muy sabrosos.
This eggs, which are almost a year old, are very tasty.
Estas langostas, las cuales (las que) son de Maryland, están muy frescas.
These lobsters, which are from Maryland, are very fresh.
Él es el hombre con quien trabajo.
He is the man I work with. / He is the man with whom I work.
Éste es el libro en que pienso.
This is the book that I'm thinking about. / This is the book about which I'm thinking.
Estos huevos, los cuales (los que) tienen casi un año, están muy sabrosos.
This eggs, which are almost a year old, are very tasty.
Juana es la mujer a quien envío la comida.
Juana is the woman I'm sending the food to. / Juana is the woman to whom I'm sending the food.
Lo que dices es interesante.
What you're saying is interesting.
El siempre hace lo que quiere.
He always does whatever he wants.
Tienes lo que necesito?
o you have what I need?
Lo que quieres no existe.
What you want doesn't exist.
Pedro, cuya tesis es brillante, es un hombre fascinante.
Pedro, whose thesis is brilliant, is a fascinating man.
Jean, cuyo padre es de París, habla francés.
Jean, whose father is from Paris, speaks French.
George, cuyos abuelos son músicos profesionales, toca bien el piano.
George, whose grandparents are professional musicians, plays the piano well.
Persona | Pronombre de Objeto Directo | Equivalente |
---|---|---|
Yo | ME | me |
Tú | TE | you |
Él/Ella/Usted | LO/LA | Him/her/you/it |
Nosotros (as) | NOS | us |
Ellas/Ellos/Ustedes | LOS/LAS | them/you |
Yo te conozco.
I know you.
Lo vemos.
We see him.
Tú me amas.
You love me.
La tienes.
You have it.
Ella los compra.
You love me.
She buys them.
Yo no lo sé.
I don't know it.
No lo conocemos.
We don't know him.
No los compras.
You don't buy them.
Nunca lo estudias.
You have it.
You never study it.
Te quiero ver. / Quiero verte.
I want to see you.
Lo puedes beber. / Puedes beberlo.
You can drink it.
Él nos debe visitar. / Él debe visitarnos.
He should visit us.
No tengo que leerlo. / No lo tengo que leer.
I don't have to read it.
No queremos hacerlo. / No lo queremos hacer.
We don't want to do it.
¿Tienes que estudiarlo conmigo? / ¿Lo tienes que estudiar conmigo?
Do you have to study it with me?
¿Puedes soportarlo? / ¿Lo puedes soportar?
Can you stand it?
Persona | Pronombre de Objeto Directo | Equivalente |
---|---|---|
Yo | ME | me |
Tú | TE | you |
Él/Ella/Usted | LE | Him/her/you/it |
Nosotros (as) | NOS | us |
Ellas/Ellos/Ustedes | LES | them/you |
Juan me compra un libro.
John buys me a book.
John buys a book for me.
Yo te digo la verdad siempre.
I always tell you the truth.
I always tell the truth to you.
Él no me trae nada.
He doesn't bring me anything.
El médico no te da medicina.
The doctor doesn´t give you medicine.
No los compras.
You don't buy them.
No le envío la cuenta jamás.
I never send thim the bill.
Él quiere darme un regalo. / Él me quiere dar un regalo.
He wants to give me a gift.
Tú necesitas comprarnos algo. / Tú nos necesitas comprar algo.
You need to buy us something.
Puedo decirte todo. / Te puedo decir todo.
I can tell you everything.
¿Quién va a enviarme una cuenta? / ¿Quién me va a enviar una cuenta?
Who is going to send me a bill?
Él no necesita darnos la información. / Él no nos necesita dar la información.
He doesn't need to give us the information.
¿Debemos decirte la verdad? / ¿Te debemos decir la verdad?
Should we tell you the truth?
comprar | to buy | mandar | to send |
dar | to give | pedir | to ask (a favor); to request (from) |
decir | to say; to tell | preguntar | to ask (a question) |
escribir | to write | preparar | to prepare |
enviar | to send | regalar | to give (a gift) |
hacer | to make; to do | traer | to bring |
Yo le doy a Juan cinco dólares.
I give him (John) five dollars.
Les pregunto a ellos si quieren ir.
I ask them if they want to go.
Le pido a mi jefe un aumento.
I ask my boss a raise.
Singular Subject (noun) | Plural Subject (noun) | |
---|---|---|
Me gusta la pintura. | Me gustan las pinturas. | I like the painting(s). |
Te gusta el anillo. | Te gustan los anillos. | You like the ring(s). |
Le gusta el zorro. | Le gustan los zorros. | He/She likes the fox(es). |
Nos gusta la culebra. | Nos gustan las culebras. | We like the snake(s). |
Os gusta la lámpara. | Os gustan las lámparas. | You like the lamp(s). |
Les gusta el reloj. | Les gustan los relojes. | They like the clock(s). |
bastar | to be sufficient / enough to; to suffice |
caer bien (mal) | to like (dislike); to go well (badly) with |
disgustar | to be disgusting to; to "hate" (a thing) |
doler (o -> ue) | to be painful to, to hurt |
encantar | to be enchanting to; to "love" (a thing) |
faltar | to be lacking of; to be missing to; to need (a thing) |
fascinar | to be fascinating to |
importar | to be important to |
interesar | to be interesting to |
molestar | to be bothersome to; to bother |
parecer | to seem; to appear to |
sobrar | to be left over to; to be in surplus |
volver (o ->ue) loco/a | to be crazy about or for (more intense than encantar) |
Persona | Pronombre de Objeto Directo | Equivalente |
---|---|---|
Yo | ME | me |
Tú | TE | you |
Él/Ella/Usted | SE | Him/her/you/it |
Nosotros (as) | NOS | us |
Ellas/Ellos/Ustedes | SE | them/you |
Jane te lava el pelo. | Jane se lava el pelo. |
Jane washes your hair. | Jane washes her hair. |
(literally, Jane washes the hair on you.) | (literally, Jane washes the hair on herself.) |
afeitarse | to shave oneself |
bañarse | to bathe oneself |
cepillarese | to brush oneself |
ducharse | to take a shower |
lavarse | to wash oneself |
peinarse | to comb oneself (one's hair) |
pesarse | to weigh oneself |
secarse | to dry oneself |
Yo leo antes de acostarme.
I read before going to bed.
Cenamos después de lavarnos las manos.
We eat dinner after washing our hands.
Después de quitarse las botas, él entra a la casa.
After taking off his boots, he enters the house.
Necesito lavarme el pelo.
I need to wash my hair.
¿Cuándo vas a acostarte?
When are you going to go to bed?
Ella no puede verse en el cristal.
She can't see herself in the glass.
Reflexive Pronouns | Indirect Object Pronouns | Direct Object Pronouns |
---|---|---|
me nos |
me nos |
me nos |
te os |
te os |
te os |
se se |
le les |
lo/la los/las |
Reflexive - Direct
Me lo compro.
I buy it for myself.
Tu pelo es magnífico. ¿Te lo lavas mucho?
Your hair is wonderful. Do you wash it a lot?
Indirect - Direct
Ellos te los envían.
They send them to you.
Yo te la escribo.
I write it to you.
Tu conoces a Juan. Mejor se lo dices tú.
You know Juan. It's better if tell it to him.
Tu pelo es magnífico. ¿Te lo lavas mucho?
Tenemos muchos lápices que no necesitamos. Se los damos.
Nunca se la compran.
They never buy it for her.
No se los tengo.
I don't have them for them.
Quiero dártelo.
Te lo quiero dar.
I want to give it to you.
Ella puede hacérselo.
Ella se lo puede hacer.
She can do it for herself.
No quiero dejártelo.
No te lo quiero dejar.
I don't want to leave it for you.
¿Puedes escribírmelo?
¿Me lo puedes escribir?
Can you write it for me?
nos (ourselves: each other, one another)
os (ourselves: each other, one another)
se (themselves; yourselves: each other, one another)
Nos vemos cada día.
We see each other everyday.
Ellos no pueden escribirse muy a menudo.
They can't write to one another very often.
Active Voice | Passive Voice |
---|---|
Paul closes the shop at 9:00. | The shop is closed at 9:00. |
Sue heard a baby crying. | A baby's cries were heard. |
The wind blew down the tree. | The tree was blown down. |
Joaquín es respetado. | La fortaleza fue destruída. |
Se respeta a Joaquín. | La fortaleza se destruyó. |
Joaquín is respected. | The fortress was destroyed. |
Se habla español en México. | Se hablan inglés y francés en Canadá. |
Spanish is spoken in Mexico. | English and French are spoken in Canada. |
Se vende plata en esta joyería. | No se venden joyas aquí. |
Silver is sold at this jewelry store. | Jewels are not sold here. |
No se debe matar. | ¡Así se hace! |
One shouldn't kill. | That's how it's done! |
You shouldn't kill. | That's how you do it! |
¿Qué se puede hacer? | Jamás se explicó el asesinato. |
What's a person to do? | They never explained the murder. |
What can you do? | No one ever explained the murder. |
Se me conoce aquí. | Aquí se produce el mejor café. |
Me conocen aquí. | Aquí producen el mejor café. |
They know me here. | They produce the best coffee here. |
Se debe bañar cada día. | Se puede comer y beber en esta sala. |
One should bathe everyday. | We can eat and drink in this room |
Se abre la tienda a las diez.
La tienda se abre a las diez.
The store opens at ten.
Se abren las tiendas a las diez.
Las tiendas se abren a las diez.
The stores open at ten.